INTRODUCTION
Governance refers to all processes of governing, the institutions, processes, and practices through which issues of common concern are decided upon and regulated. Good governance adds a normative or evaluative attribute to the process of governing.
Good governance has become a cornerstone of sustainable development, peace, and societal progress across the globe.
For Nigeria, a country rich in human and natural resources but plagued by systemic governance challenges, the concept of good governance is both a necessity and an urgent priority. As we navigate the complexities of democracy in the 21st century, examining what good governance entails and learning from global examples can provide a roadmap for transformative change.
From a human rights perspective, it refers primarily to the process whereby public institutions conduct public affairs, manage public resources, and guarantee the realisation of human rights.
UNDERSTANDING GOOD GOVERNANCE
While there is no internationally agreed definition of 'good governance', it may span the following topics: full respect of human rights; the rule of law; effective/meaningful citizenship participation; multi-actor partnerships; political pluralism; transparent and accountable processes and institutions; an efficient and effective public sector; legitimacy; access to knowledge, information and education; political empowerment of people; equity; sustainability; as well as attitudes and values that foster responsibility, solidarity and tolerance.
Good governance refers to the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) outlines the key characteristics of good governance as participation; rule of law; transparency; responsiveness; consensus orientation; equity and inclusiveness; effectiveness and efficiency; and accountability
The World Bank adds that good governance ensures that political, social, and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and most vulnerable are heard in decision-making.
In summary, good governance relates to the political and institutional processes and outcomes that are necessary to achieve the goals of development. The true test of 'good' governance is the degree to which it delivers on the promise of human rights: civil, cultural, economic, political, and social rights. The key question is: Are the institutions of governance effectively guaranteeing the right to health, adequate housing, sufficient food, quality education, fair justice, and personal security?
NIGERIA'S GOVERNANCE LANDSCAPE
Since its return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has made strides in building democratic institutions.
However, challenges such as corruption, weak institutions, lack of accountability, and poor public service delivery continue to undermine development efforts.
The 2023 Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) ranked Nigeria below average in key areas such as rule of law, participation, and transparency.
WHAT NIGERIA CAN LEARN FROM OTHER NATIONS
1. Rwanda – Accountability and Anti-Corruption Drive.
Rwanda has become a model in Africa for tackling corruption and improving public service efficiency. The Rwanda Governance Board regularly assesses institutions for compliance and performance. President Paul Kagame's zero-tolerance stance on corruption has transformed Rwanda’s civil service culture, something Nigeria can emulate by strengthening anti-corruption agencies and ensuring independence from political influence.
2. Singapore – Visionary Leadership and Meritocracy.
Under the leadership of the late Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore transitioned from a poor country to a global economic powerhouse. Key to this transformation was visionary leadership, a strict anti-corruption stance, and a focus on meritocracy in public appointments. Nigeria must prioritize competence over political patronage in leadership selection.
3. Estonia – Digital Governance and Transparency.
Estonia is known for its digital governance model, where almost all government services are online, enhancing transparency and citizen engagement. Nigeria can invest in digital infrastructure to improve service delivery, fight corruption, and close the gap between government and citizens.
4. Botswana – Rule of Law and Institutional Strengthening.
Botswana remains one of Africa’s most stable democracies, largely due to respect for the rule of law and strong, independent institutions. Nigeria’s judiciary and law enforcement agencies must be reformed to become more independent and credible in upholding justice.
5. Sweden – Participatory Governance and Welfare Policies.
Sweden exemplifies inclusive governance where citizens actively participate in policymaking and benefit from well-planned welfare programs. Nigeria can strengthen civic participation through community engagement, decentralized governance, and inclusive policy frameworks.
CONCLUSION
For Nigeria to achieve the dividends of democracy and sustainable development, good governance must go beyond political rhetoric. It must become a practical commitment evident in actions, institutions, and leadership.
Learning from global best practices and tailoring them to local realities can significantly enhance Nigeria’s governance outcomes. The time to act is now—citizens, leaders, and institutions must work together to build a Nigeria where governance truly works for all.
REFERENCES
1) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1997). Governance for Sustainable Human Development.
2) World Bank. (1992). Governance and Development.
3) Mo Ibrahim Foundation. (2023). Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
4) Rwanda Governance Board. (2022). Rwanda Governance Scorecard.
5) Lee Kuan Yew. (2013). One Man’s View of the World.
6) E-Governance Academy (Estonia). www.ega.ee
7) Transparency International – Corruption Perceptions Index. (2023)
