Introduction
Nigeria’s constitution is the supreme legal document guiding its governance, yet many argue that it no longer fully serves the needs of its diverse population. Since the return to democracy in 1999, calls for constitutional reforms have grown louder, with demands for restructuring, decentralization of power, and greater inclusion. As Nigeria faces challenges like insecurity, economic instability, and regional tensions, the question remains: What constitutional changes does Nigeria need to foster unity, development, and good governance?
Historical Context of Nigeria’s Constitution
Nigeria’s current constitution (the 1999 Constitution) was enacted by a military government, and many critics argue that it does not reflect the true will of the people. Unlike the 1960 and 1963 constitutions, which were products of extensive consultations, the 1999 document has been criticized for retaining centralized power, neglecting true federalism, and failing to address key national issues.
Key Areas Needing Reform
1. True Federalism and Devolution of Powers
Nigeria operates a federal system in theory, but in practice, power is heavily concentrated at the centre. Many advocates of restructuring argue that states should have more control over resources, policing, and taxation.
Resource Control: The current revenue allocation system favours the federal government, leaving states dependent on monthly allocations. Reforms should allow states to manage their resources more autonomously, as seen in fiscal federalism models worldwide.
State Policing: Rising insecurity has intensified calls for state police. Amending the constitution to allow subnational policing could improve security responses tailored to local needs.
2. Local Government Autonomy
The 1999 Constitution places local governments under state control but mandates federal allocations directly to them, creating confusion and inefficiency. Granting full autonomy to local governments could enhance grassroots development and accountability.
3. Electoral Reforms
Despite the 2022 Electoral Act improvements, Nigeria’s electoral system still faces credibility issues. Constitutional amendments should:
Strengthen the independence of INEC.
Allow electronic voting and real-time transmission of results.
- Address judicial interventions in electoral disputes to reduce “judicial victories.”
4. Gender and Youth Inclusion
Nigeria’s constitution lacks strong provisions for gender equality and youth representation in governance. Reforms should:
- Enforce affirmative action for women in political offices.
- Lower the age limit for running for key offices to encourage youth participation.
5. Rotation of Presidency and Power-Sharing
To promote national unity, some have suggested constitutionalizing rotational presidency among Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones. This could reduce marginalization grievances and foster inclusivity.
6. Review of the National Assembly Structure
Nigeria’s bicameral legislature is one of the most expensive in the world. Some analysts suggest merging the Senate and House of Representatives or reducing the number of legislators to cut costs.
Challenges to Constitutional Reform
Despite widespread calls for change, constitutional amendments face hurdles:
-A) Political Will: Many lawmakers benefit from the status quo and resist reforms.
-B) Ethno-Religious Divisions: Agreeing on contentious issues like resource control and state creation remains difficult.
-C) Legal Hurdles**: Amending the constitution requires a two-thirds majority of federal and state legislatures, making changes slow and complex.
Conclusion
For Nigeria to achieve stability and development, a people-driven constitutional reform is essential. True federalism, equitable resource distribution, electoral integrity, and inclusive governance should be prioritized. While the process may be challenging, a restructured constitution can pave the way for a more united and prosperous Nigeria.
References
1. The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria (as amended)
2. Suberu, R. (2009). "Federalism in Nigeria: The Politics of Adjustment."
3. Egwu, S. (2016). "Federalism and the Politics of Resource Control in Nigeria."
4. International IDEA (2021). "Electoral Reforms in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects."
Okonta Emeka Okelum is an online journalist, social analyst, governance activist, sustainable development enthusiast, and grassroot community development champion, with special focus on governance, democracy, rule of law, politics, human rights, and development in Nigeria.
